<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject>	"Postcolonialisme" .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject>	"Indochine" .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel>	"The French schools in Vietnam from 1945 to 1975, from the civilizing mission to cultural diplomacy" .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject>	"\u00C9ducation -- Colonies fran\u00E7aises -- Asie" .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject>	"D\u00E9colonisation" .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject>	<http://www.idref.fr/027811255/id> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#note>	"This historical research traces the evolution of the French schools in Vietnam from 1945 to 1975, drawing from archives and interviews with former students and teachers. In colonial Indochina, under the guise of the \\\"civilizing mission\\\", the French established an educational system designed to produce only subordinates, as they feared that a better education would create individuals likely to threaten the colonial order. Yet, in spite of the resistance of colonial authorities, Vietnamese elites always managed to send their children to the local French schools that were, in principle, open only to Europeans.After World War II, Vietnam embarked on the path of independence, forcing the French to rethink their educational policy in a country that was no longer a colony. After believing for a while that France would remain \\\"the educator of Indochina\\\", the French accepted to play a supporting role in Vietnamese education through the creation of a cultural mission. There was no longer question of limiting access to French schools: rather, those schools opened their doors wide to Vietnamese students to offer them a high-quality education. The French defeat of \u00D0i?n Bien Phu in 1954, which resulted in France\u2019s political withdrawal from Vietnam, accelerated the transformation of the former colonial education system. Passing under the tutelage of Foreign Affairs, the French schools in Vietnam became an instrument of cultural diplomacy. The French hoped that their continuing cultural presence, and particularly their prestigious lyc\u00E9es, would grant them a decisive influence in Vietnamese affairs. In the North, in the pro-Soviet Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the Lyc\u00E9e Albert-Sarraut became the only western school to operate in a communist nation, allowing the French to maintain a special relationship with a country that the West considered as an enemy. This unique experience was terminated in 1965 due to lack of agreement between the French and the North Vietnamese on the nature of the school. In the South, in the nationalist, pro-American Republic of Vietnam, the situation remained favorable to the French. Vietnamese elites rushed the gates of French schools, which promise them a quality education and a better future for their children in a war-torn country. For the French, the attractiveness of their schools and of French culture allowed them to counter the growing influence of the United States, who were then pushing ahead with reform, especially in the Vietnamese educational system. Nevertheless, the South Vietnamese government, for political reasons, decreed in the late 1960s the gradual nationalization of the French school system. After the Reunification of April 1975, all French schools were returned to the Vietnamese state. As told by the \\\"official\\\" history described in the archives, the story of the French educational system in Vietnam ends in failure. In both North and South Vietnam, French efforts in cultural diplomacy in Vietnam came to naught. Not only the Vietnamese elites did not concur with the French political positions, but the prominence of French language and culture actually decreased in Vietnam from the 1950s onwards.However, the hundred or so alumni we have interviewed about this period of their lives have described the French school system as a success...." .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type>	<http://rdaregistry.info/Elements/c/C10001> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/terms/language>	<http://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/fra> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject>	<http://www.idref.fr/027555100/id> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/terms/temporal>	<http://www.idref.fr/033472890/id> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject>	"France -- Relations ext\u00E9rieures -- Vietnam" .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ths>	<http://www.idref.fr/035442387/id> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/opn>	<http://www.idref.fr/033569479/id> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject>	<http://www.idref.fr/028244214/id> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject>	"\u00C9cole" .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ths>	<http://www.idref.fr/034274235/id> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject>	<http://www.idref.fr/050530127/id> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/type>	"Text" .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut>	<http://www.idref.fr/175409056/id> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject>	"Colonisation" .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/pra>	<http://www.idref.fr/035389516/id> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject>	<http://www.idref.fr/027226794/id> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject>	"Politiques \u00E9ducatives" .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject>	"Enseignement secondaire" .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type>	<http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/P60049>	<http://rdaregistry.info/termList/RDAContentType/1020> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ths>	<http://www.idref.fr/070359938/id> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject>	"Th\u00E8ses et \u00E9crits acad\u00E9miques" .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject>	"Vietnam" .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject>	<http://www.idref.fr/027253139/id> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/dgg>	<http://www.idref.fr/026404788/id> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/P1001>	<http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/terms/contentform/T1009> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#note>	"Ce travail de recherche historique retrace l\u2019\u00E9volution de l\u2019\u00E9cole fran\u00E7aise au Vietnam de 1945 \u00E0 1975, en s\u2019appuyant \u00E0 la fois sur les archives et sur les t\u00E9moignages d\u2019anciens \u00E9l\u00E8ves et professeurs. Dans l\u2019Indochine coloniale, sous couvert de la \u00AB mission civilisatrice \u00BB, les Fran\u00E7ais instaurent un syst\u00E8me \u00E9ducatif destin\u00E9 \u00E0 produire des subalternes, leur crainte \u00E9tant de cr\u00E9er des \u00AB d\u00E9class\u00E9s \u00BB mena\u00E7ants pour l\u2019ordre colonial. Pourtant, en d\u00E9pit des r\u00E9sistances officielles, les \u00E9lites vietnamiennes font entrer leurs enfants dans les lyc\u00E9es fran\u00E7ais r\u00E9serv\u00E9s en principe aux Europ\u00E9ens, s\u2019appropriant en partie ces \u00E9tablissements.Apr\u00E8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le Vietnam s\u2019engage dans la voie de l\u2019ind\u00E9pendance, obligeant les Fran\u00E7ais \u00E0 repenser leur doctrine scolaire, qui, apr\u00E8s avoir cru un moment que la France resterait \u00AB l\u2019\u00E9ducatrice de l\u2019Indochine \u00BB, se r\u00E9solvent \u00E0 un r\u00F4le d\u2019accompagnement via la cr\u00E9ation d\u2019une mission culturelle. Il n\u2019est plus question de limiter l\u2019acc\u00E8s des Vietnamiens aux lyc\u00E9es fran\u00E7ais mais au contraire de leur ouvrir les portes pour leur proposer un enseignement de haut niveau. La d\u00E9faite fran\u00E7aise de \u00D0i?n Bi\u00EAn Ph? en 1954, qui voit la France se d\u00E9sengager du Vietnam, acc\u00E9l\u00E8re la mutation de l\u2019ancien syst\u00E8me \u00E9ducatif colonial. En passant sous la tutelle des Affaires \u00E9trang\u00E8res, l\u2019enseignement fran\u00E7ais au Vietnam devient un instrument de la diplomatie culturelle. Les Fran\u00E7ais esp\u00E8rent qu\u2019une pr\u00E9sence culturelle assur\u00E9e notamment par leurs prestigieux lyc\u00E9es leur garantira une influence d\u00E9terminante. Au Nord, dans la R\u00E9publique D\u00E9mocratique du Vietnam pro-sovi\u00E9tique, le Lyc\u00E9e Albert-Sarraut devient la seule \u00E9cole occidentale \u00E0 fonctionner dans un \u00C9tat du bloc communiste, et permet aux Fran\u00E7ais de conserver en pleine Guerre froide un lien privil\u00E9gi\u00E9 avec un pays consid\u00E9r\u00E9 en Occident comme un ennemi. Cette exp\u00E9rience unique s\u2019ach\u00E8ve en 1965 faute d\u2019entente entre Fran\u00E7ais et Nord-Vietnamiens sur la nature du lyc\u00E9e. Au Sud, dans la R\u00E9publique du Vietnam nationaliste et pro-am\u00E9ricaine, la situation reste plus longtemps favorable aux Fran\u00E7ais. Les \u00E9lites vietnamiennes se pressent aux portes des lyc\u00E9es fran\u00E7ais, gages d\u2019un enseignement de qualit\u00E9 et d\u2019un meilleur avenir pour leurs enfants dans un pays en guerre. Pour les Fran\u00E7ais, cette attirance pour leurs \u00E9coles et pour la culture fran\u00E7aise leur permet de contrer l\u2019influence grandissante des \u00C9tats-Unis, qui investissent lourdement dans la r\u00E9forme de l\u2019\u00C9tat sud-vietnamien et notamment dans celle du syst\u00E8me \u00E9ducatif. Cependant, les gouvernements sud-vietnamiens, pour des raisons politiques, d\u00E9cr\u00E8tent \u00E0 la fin des ann\u00E9es 1960 la nationalisation progressive de ces \u00E9coles. Apr\u00E8s la r\u00E9unification en avril 1975, tous les \u00E9tablissements fran\u00E7ais sont rendus au Vietnam. Telle qu\u2019il est racont\u00E9 par l\u2019histoire \u00AB officielle \u00BB des archives, le parcours du syst\u00E8me d\u2019enseignement fran\u00E7ais au Vietnam se termine donc par un \u00E9chec. Au Nord comme au Sud, les satisfactions qu\u2019en retirent les dirigeants fran\u00E7ais sont minimales. Les \u00E9lites vietnamiennes ne se sont pas ralli\u00E9es aux positions fran\u00E7aises. Culturellement, la francophonie au Vietnam r\u00E9gresse d\u00E8s les ann\u00E9es 1950.En revanche, pour la centaine d\u2019anciens \u00E9l\u00E8ves que nous avons interrog\u00E9s sur cette p\u00E9riode de leur vie, le syst\u00E8me d\u2019enseignement fran\u00E7ais est d\u00E9crit comme un v\u00E9ritable succ\u00E8s, en d\u00E9pit de parcours familiaux et scolaires particuli\u00E8rement tourment\u00E9s. Leur perception de l\u2019\u00E9cole fran\u00E7aise est unanimement positive. Ils ont \u00E9tudi\u00E9 au sein de ces \u00E9tablissements dans une ambiance pacifique, studieuse et \u00E9galitaire...." .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/terms/spatial>	<http://www.idref.fr/027255697/id> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel>	"L'\u00E9cole fran\u00E7aise au Vietnam de 1945 \u00E0 1975, de la mission civilisatrice \u00E0 la diplomatie culturelle" .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject>	"Diplomatie culturelle" .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject>	<http://www.idref.fr/028505735/id> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject>	"Lyc\u00E9e" .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title>	"L'\u00E9cole fran\u00E7aise au Vietnam de 1945 \u00E0 1975, de la mission civilisatrice \u00E0 la diplomatie culturelle" .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject>	"France" .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://rdaregistry.info/Elements/w/P10219>	"2013" .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ths>	<http://www.idref.fr/031136362/id> .
<http://www.idref.fr/212610813/id>	<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject>	"\u00C9coles fran\u00E7aises -- Vietnam -- 1945-...." .